Technicalities

 Abbreviations

ABD                 Anchor Bible Dictionary

AHCL              Benjamin Davidson, The Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon
AHw                Wolfram von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch*

AJAH               American Journal of Ancient History
ALM                Abundant Life Ministries
ANF                The Ante-Nicene Fathers, eds. A. Roberts and J. Donaldson. Rev. by A. C. Coxe.

ASTI                Annual of the Swedish Theological Institute

ATR                 Anglican Theological Review

ATS                 Adventist Theological Society

AUSS               Andrews University Seminary Studies

BASOR            Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

BCH                Bulletin de correspondance hellénique*

BDB                 Francis Brown, S. R. Driver and Charles A. Briggs. The New Brown-Driver-Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon

BECNT            Baker’s Exegetical Commentary of the New Testament

BibRev Bible Review

Bsac                 Bibliotheca Sacra

BZAW              Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft*

CAD                The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago,                   A. Oppenham et al., eds.

CAH                Cambridge Ancient History

CBQ                Catholic Biblical Quarterly

CHAL              William L. Holladay, A Concise Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old       Testament

CIL                  Corpus inscriptionum latinarum*

CIS                  Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum*

CSEL               Corpus scriptorium ecclesiasticorum latinorum*

DCH                Dictionary of Classical Hebrew

DGRBM           A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. W. Smith, ed.3 vols

DISO               Charles-F. Jean and Jacob Hoftijzer, Dictionnaire des inscriptions sémitiques de                   l'ouest*

EDNT              Horst Balz and Gerhard Schneider, eds. Exegetical Dictionary of the New                                        Testament. 3 Vols.

EHC-OT          The Englishman’s Hebrew Concordance of the Old Testament 3^rd ed. George V. Wigram

ExpTim           Expository Times

GCHL             Gesenius’ Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon, Theodor H. Gaster, ed.  

GKC                Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, tr. A. E. Cowley

                        (2nd ed.; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1910)

GNS                Good News Studies

GNT                The Greek New Testament, 4^th rev. ed. Eds. B. & K. Aland, J. Karavidopoulos, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, United Bible Society.

GTJ                 Grace Theological Journal

HAL                 Ludwig Koehler und Walter Baumgartner. Hebrisches und aramisches                                              Lexikon.*  Revised ed. by Johann Jakob Stamm.

HAL (1994)     Ludwig Koehler and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of                              the OT.  Revised ed. by Johann Jakob Stamm.  (New York: Brill, 1994).

HB                   Hebrew Bible

HCL                Julius Fuerst, A Hebrew and Chaldean Lexicon to the Old Testament, trans.              Samuel Davidson.

HDB                Hastings Dictionary of the Bible

HSCP              Harvard Studies in Classical Philology

HUCA             Hebrew Union College Annual

IBHS                Bruce K. Waltke and Michael P. O’Connor.  An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1990).

 ICC                International Critical Commentary

IDB                  Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, G. A. Buttrick, ed.        

JAOS               Journal of American Oriental Society

JATS                Journal of the Adventist Theological Society

JB                    Jerusalem Bible

JBL                  Journal of Biblical Literature

JETS                Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society

JNES               Journal of Near Eastern Studies

JSOT               Journal for the Study of the Old Testament

JSS                  Journal of Semitic Studies

JTS                  Journal of Theological Studies 

KAI                  H. Donner and W. Röllig. Kanaanische und aramische Inschriften*

KBL                 Ludwig Koehler and W. Baumgartner, Lexicon

KNT                H. Strack and P. Billerbeck, Kommentar zum Neuen Testament*

KJV                 King James Version

LXX                Septuagint (the Greek version of the Old Testament)

MT                  Masoretic Text

NASB              New American Standard Bible

NBD                New Bible Dictionary, rev. ed., D.R.W. Wood.

NCB                New Century Bible (commentary)

NIBC               New International Biblical Commentary

NIGTC            New International Greek Testament Commentary   

NIV                 New International Version

NJB                 New Jerusalem Bible

NKJV              New King James Version

NovT               Novum Testamentum*

NPNF              A Selected Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, eds., P. Schaff and H.                           Wace.

NRSV              New Revised Standard Version

PEQ                Palestine Exploration Quarterly

P Oxy I, II, X   The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, Vols. I, II & X- eds. B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt;            (London, 1898; 1899; 1913).

P Grenf II         New Classical Fragments, and Other Greek and Latin Papyri. eds. B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt. (Oxford, 1897).

P Rein              Papyrus grecs et demotiques.* ed. Theodore Reinach (Paris, 1905).

P Ryl II            Catalogue of the Greek Papyri in the John Ryland Library, Manchester Vol. 2- eds. J. de M. Johnson, V. Martin and A. S. Hunt (Manchester, 1911-15).

P Strass I         Griechische Papyrus zu Strassburg* Vol. 1- ed. F. Preisigke. (Leipzig, 1912-20).

P Tebt  II          The Tebtunis Papyri, Vol. 2- eds. B. P. Grenfell, A. S. Hunt and E. J. Goodspeed. (London, 1907).

PTR                 Princeton Theological Review

PW                  Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopdie der classichen Altertumswissenschaft*

RB                    Revue Biblique*

RevExp            Review and Expositor

RSV                 Revised Standard Version

SDABC            Seventh-Day Adventist Bible Commentary. Francis D. Nichols, ed.

SDABD            Seventh-Day Adventist Bible Dictionary. Rev. Ed. Seigfrid H. Horn

SIG                  Sylloge Insriptionum Graecarum,* W. Dittenberger, ed.

SVT                 Supplements to Vestus Testamentum*

TCWS-NT        The Complete Word Study-New Testament

TCWS-OT        The Complete Word Study-Old Testament

TDNT             Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, G. Kittel and G. Friedrich, eds.

TDOT             Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, G. Johannes Botterweck and                Helmer Ringgren, eds.

THAT              Theologisches Handwörterbuch zum Alten Testament.* E. Jenni and C. Westermann.

ThStKr Theologische Studien und Kritiken*

TIBC                The Interpreters Bible Commentary

TLZ                 Theologische Literaturzeitung*

TRu                  Theologische Rundschau*

TWAT              Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Alten Testament.* G. Botterweck and H Ringgren,

                        eds.

TWOT              Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, R. Laird Harris, Gleason L. Archer                  and Bruce K. Waltke, eds.

TynBul Tyndale Bulletin

TZ                    Theologische Zeitschrift

UBS⁴                    United Bible Society, (The Greek New Testament) 4^th revised edition

UJE                 Universal Jewish Encyclopedia

UMI                 University Microfilms International

UT                   Cyrus H. Gordon, Ugaritic Textbook

VDI                 

VT                   Vetus Testamentum* (Leiden)

WTJ                 Westminster Theological Journal

ZAW                Zeitschrift für die altestamentliche Wissenschaft*

Some other Abbreviations & Symbols

abbrev. abbreviated

a.k.a.                also known as

ca.                    circa= “about”

Cent.                Century

cf.                    confer= “compare”

ch.                    chapter

Chron.              (Nabonidus) Chronicles

Co.                  Company

comp.               compare

contra               in contradiction to

defn.                 definition

ed.                   edition/editor

eds.                  editors

e.g.                   exempli gratia= “for example”

esp.                  especially

Exe.                 Executive

Gr.                   Greek

ibid.                  ibidem= “in the same place” [book]

idem.                the same [author]

i.e.                    id est = “that is”

i.e.s                  italic emphasis supplied

ln.                     line

lit.                     literally

MSS                         manuscripts

ns                     new series

n.p.                  no publisher (mentioned)

p., pp.              page, pages

pl.                    plural

proleg.  prolegomenon - ‘a preface’

recto                the smoother side (thus the writing side) of a papyri. [verso is the rougher (‘reverse’) side].

rev.                  revised

Ser.                  Series

sing.                 singular

Spr.                  Spring

trans.                translated by

u.e.s                 underlined emphasis supplied

vol(s).               volume (s)

vs(s).                verse(s)

Win.                 Winter             

x                      times (2x= two times, etc)

[@]                   Text of reference available on website (www. ).

Translation of Foreign Titles

Akkadisches Handwörterbuch-Akkadian Pocket Dictionary. Bulletin de correspondance hellénique-Bulletin of Hellenistic correspondences. Beihefte zur ZAW-Supplements to ZAW.  Beitrge zur Achmenidengeschichte-Contribution to Akkadian History. Bemerkungen zum Danielbuch-Remarks on the Book of Daniel. Chronica Minora- Abridged Chronicles. Chronos, Kairos, Christos- Times, Set Times, Messiah (Christ). Claudii vita- The Life of Claudius. Commentar zum Alten Testament-Commentary on the Old Testament. Commentarius in Danielem Prophetam, Lamentationes et Baruch-Commentary on the Prophet Daniel, Lamentation and Baruch. Corpus inscriptionum latinarum-Collection of Latin Inscriptions. Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum-Collection of Semitic Inscriptions. Corpus scriptorium ecclesiasticorum latinorum-Collection of Latin Ecclesiastical Inscriptions. Daniel aus dem Hebräisch-Aramäischen neu übersetzt und erklärt mit einer vollständigen Einleitung und einigen historischen und critischen Excursen-Daniel from Hebraic-Aramaic again ubersetzt and erklart with a vollstandigen introduction and unites historical and critischen Excursen. Das Buch Daniel-The Book of Daniel. Das Buch Daniel erklärt-The Book of Daniel erklart. Das Buch Daniel und seine Probleme-The Book of Daniel and its Problems. Das Danielbuch-The Book of Daniel. De Aquis-The Aqueducts [of Rome] De Ponderibus et Mensuris liber-Treatise on Weights and Measurements. De Re Militari- The Military Institutions of the Romans. Der Prophet Daniel.-The Prophet Daniel. Der Prophet Daniel: Meditationen uber das Buch Daniel- The Prophet Daniel. Meditation on the Book of Daniel. Der Prophet Daniel und die Offenbarung Johnannis : in ihrem gegenseitigen Verhaltniss betrachtet und in ihren Hauptstellen erlautert. mit einer Veilage von M. Fr. Roos-The prophecies of Daniel and the revelations of St. John viewed in their mutual relations with an exposition of the principal passages-with an appendix, by M. Fr. Roos. Dictionnaire des inscriptions sémitiques de l'ouest-Dictionary of Western Semitic Inscriptions. Die Authentie des Daniel und die Integritat des Sacharja-Dissertations on the genuineness of Daniel and the integrity of Zechariah.   Die effecktive Mitregentschaft des Tiberius-The Effective Co-Rulership of  Tiberius. Die Entstehung des Buches Daniel-The Emergence of the Book of Daniel. Die Geschichte der Nabater," Petra und das Königreich der Nabater: Lebensraum, Geschichte und Kultur eines arabischen Volkes der Antike.-The History of the Nabaetans; Petra and the Kingdom of the Nabaetans: The Area, the History and the Culture of an Antique Arabian People. Die Neue Echter Bibel. Kommentar Zum Alter Testament mit der Einheitsübersetzung*-The New Genuine Bible. Commentary on the Old Testament along with the Standardized Translation. "Die siebzig Jahrwochen Daniels."-The Seventy Weeks/Years of Daniel. Die Weltreiche und das Gottesreich nach den Weissagungen Propheten Daniel-The World Kingdoms and the Kingdom of God according to the Sayings of the Prophet Daniel. Ein Vierteljahrhundert Danielforschung-A Quarter Century of Daniel Research.  Einleitung ins Alte Testament-Introduction to the Old Testament. Emplacement et ruines de la ville de KYC en Carie-The Placement and ruins of the city of Kys in Caria. Epistulae Morales-Moral Essays. Epitoma Rei Militaris- Abridgement of The Military Institutions of the Romans. Fasti Sacri-Sacred Almanac. Grammaire de l'hébreu biblique.-Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. Griechische Papyrus zu Strassburg-Greek Papyri of Strassburg. Grundlegung einer hebrischen Syntax.-The Foundation of Hebrew Syntax. Grundriss für Alttestamentliche Einleitung-Sketch of the Old Testament-Introduction. Handbuch zum Alten Testament.-Handbook on the Old Testament. Hebrisches und aramisches Lexikon-Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon. Hebrisches und aramisches Lexikon zum Alten Testament.-Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Hérode Antipas et Jean Baptiste: Quelques remarques sur les confusions chronologiques de Falvius Josèphe,"-Herod Antipas and John the Baptist: Some remarks on the chronological confusions of Flavius Josephus. Het bock Daniel-The Book of Daniel. Histoire de Rome-History of Rome. Historia adversus paganos-History Against the Pagans. Historia Ecclesiastica- Ecclesiastical (Church) History. Historische Zeitschrift-Historical Magazine. Inscriptiones graecae ad res romanas pertinentes-Greek Inscriptions Pertaining to the Roman State.  Kanaanische und aramische Inschriften-Ugaritic and Aramaic Inscriptions. Kommentar über das Buch Daniel-Commentary on the Book of Daniel. Kommentar zum Neuen Testament- Commentary on the New Testament. König der Nabater. Eine historisch-exegetische Studie zu 2 Kor 11,32f.-The King of the Nabaetans- An Historical and Exegetical Study on 2 Cor 11:32ff. König Herodes. Der Mann und sein Werk.- King Herod. The Man and His Work. Königtum Gottes in Ugarit und Israel-The Kingdom of God in Ugarit and Israel. Kritische Untersuchung uber die Abfassungszeit des Buches Daniel-Critical Investigation on the Composition of the Book of Daniel. Kurzgefasste Liste Der Griechischen Handschriften Des Neuen Testaments.-Concise Catalog of the Greek Manuscripts of the New Testament. La date du livre de Daniel-The Date of the Book of Daniel. Le iscrizioni fenicie dell' oriente.-The Phoenician Inscriptions of the East. Les Evangiles Synoptiques- The Synoptic Gospels. Neue Kritische Untersuchungen über das Buch Daniel-New Critical Investigations on the Book of Daniel. Novum Testamentum-New Testament. Papyrus grecs et demotiques.- Greek Papyri and Demotics [common or everyday writings]. Panarium- “Medicine Chest.” "Philos tou Kaisaros."- “ Friend of the Caesar.” Questions Debattues-Debated Questions. Real-Encyclopdie der classichen Altertumswissenschaft- The Encyclopedia of Ancient Classical Science. Res Gestae Divi Augusti-The Deeds of the Divine Augustus. Revue Biblique-Biblical Review. . "Siōn, Ierousalēm, Ierosoluma, Ierosolumitēs.-Zion, Jerusalem, etc. Spätisraelitisches Geschichtsdenken am Beispiel des Buches Daniel-Israeli Desk Historical Thinking by the Example of the Book Daniel. Stromata-Miscellanies. Supplements to Vestus Testamentum-Supplements to the Old Testament. Sylloge Insriptionum Graecarum- The Argument from Greek Inscriptions. Theologisches Handwörterbuch zum Alten Testament.-Pocket Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Theologische Literaturzeitung.-Journal of Theological Literature. Theologische Rundschau-Theological Round. Theologische Studien und Kritiken-Theological Studies and Criticisms. Theologische Studien und Skizzen aus Ostpreussen-Theological Studies and Sketches from East Prussia. Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Alten Testament.-Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament. Thesaurus Graecae Linguae-Treasury of the Greek Language. Ueber einige phönikische Inschriften-Regarding Phoenician Inscriptions. Une inscription de Delphes et la chronologie de Saint Paul.- A Delphi inscription and the chronology of Saint Paul. Unter Mitarbeit von Till Niewisch und Jürgen Tubach-Under the cooperation of Till Niewisch and Jürgen Tubach. Variae lectiones Veteris Testamenti-Various Selections from the Old Testament.  Vetus Testamentum-Old Testament. Zeitschrift für die altestamentliche Wissenschaft-Journal of Old Testament Science. Zur Komposition des Buches Daniel-On the Composition of the Book of Daniel.

Transliteration Key for the Hebrew Text

Consonants

a aleph = ^⊃

B beth = B [b\bb]

b veth = b [] (v)

G gimel = G [g\gg]

g gimel = g []

D daleth = D [d]

d daleth = d []

h hē = h

w waw = w

z zayin = z

j heth = h [] (ch)

f teth = ţ

y  yodh = y

K kaph = K [k\kk]

k khaph = k [] (kh)

l lamedh = l

m mem = m

n nun = n

s samekh = s

[ ayin = ^⊂

P pē = P [p\pp]

p phē = (ph)              

x tsadhe = ş (ts)

q qoph = q

r resh = r

c sin = ś

v shin = s [š] (sh)

T tau = t

t thau = (th)

Vowel Pointings

m] shewa (silent)=  ^e [not transliterated]

m] shewa (vocal) = ^e

pathah = a

hateph pathah = à [^a o]

m; qamets = å []

m’ hateph qamets = ã

yme sere yodh = ëy [ê]

me sere = ë [ē]

m, seghol = e

hateph seghol = ė

y hiriq yodh = iy [î]

mi hiriq = i

m; qamets qatan = å [o]

holem = ō

/m holem = ô

qibbus = u

Wm shureq = û

           

            A book’s transliteration key of Old Testament Hebrew can be subjective to a particular author or publisher. Some prefer to have a scholarly transliteration will others opt for a more phonetical transliteration (e.g., “š” vs. “sh”  or “ş” avs. “ts”). In this book an attempt has been made to blend the phonetic and the scholarly in the advantage of the non-scholar reading this book. Therefore the underlining of consonants are only done for consonants that would commonly have a “h” added to it in a phonetic transliteration (e.g., for t thau = (th) and not for d daleth = ). A phonetic transliteration was not used here in an attempt to have only one transliteration character per original Hebrew character for an easier comparison when comparing back to the original Hebrew text.

-In this key () show the typical phonetical and [] the typical scholarly ones.

-Consonants that can have a dot in them (a dagesh) and may be scholarly transliterated with a doubling of it are instead here strictly rendered as capital letters.

-As for vowels, all shewas (^e) appear in the transliterated text (including silent shewas) which are not transliterated in most scholarly keys.¹

-As the vowel m; can be transliterated as either a qamets (“a”) or a  qamets qatan (“o”), they are both transliterated here with the combo-symbol (“å”).

-Usually the composite vowel yme sere yodh and y hiriq yodh are scholarly transliterated by a single vowel as ê and î respectively, here, also in an attempt to have one transliteration character per original Hebrew character, they are “straightly” transliterated as “ëy” and “iy” respectively.

Notes to “Transliteration”

1. For the rules dictating when a shewa is silent and thus not transliterated see e.g., C. L. Seow, A Grammar for Biblical Hebrew, 9, 10).